traditional african rituals and ceremonies

During harvest and planting seasons, Bwa animal masks enter the village to purify the community and protect it from harm. Here are some common African initiation rituals. Putting a price on the bride. More than 30 percent of what is recorded in the Beckwith Fisher Collection no longer exists. During these events usually an offering is made to honour, please and thank the ancestors. Masquerades: Bedik Harvest Masks, Senegal. This separation occurs because of the wickedness of humans, which causes them to break up into many cultures and languages and lose their divine nature. Often referred to as “religion,” most Native Americans did not consider their spirituality, ceremonies, and rituals as “religion,” in the way that Christians do.Rather, their beliefs and practices form an integral and seamless part of their very being. African religions also share many ideas with world religions such as Judaism and Buddhism. Many different ceremonies are performed to reinforce these connections, and to prepare children to become the custodians of the culture of their people. It is to rituals, dances, masquerades, storytelling and folk celebrations with all their theatrical elements, then, that one must look for such an African definition. By eating the animal's flesh together, the community symbolically renews the communal bond that was disrupted by the pollution of the affected individual. In return, the living show hospitality and kindness to the dead by giving them food and drink and keeping alive the traditions that they have passed on. Revivalism is based on Christianity, but with an African twist – the attitudes towards nature and spirituality are influenced by African religions, as is the style of worship. Among the Surma, however, men are said to be drawn to a woman who is a hard worker and has a cheerful nature, whereas women are attracted by masculine strength. The arrival in Africa of CHRISTIANITY and Islam had a major impact on the development of African religions. A type of divination called oracle consultation is sometimes used to determine guilt. Among the Massai, for example, a male moves from role to role - from young cattle herder to bachelor warrior to married family man to elder of the community - through a series of ceremonies extending over 25 years. In order to display their charm, the dancers form long lines, rise up on their toes, roll their eyes and flash their teeth. The wedding ceremonies of Swazi and Zulu traditionalists involve elaborate rituals aimed at ensuring the future cooperation of the ancestors of the bride and groom. All of the males of the same age in a community participate as a group in the communal ceremonies that mark each transition. Frequent accusations against an individual are usually a sign of a long-standing unpopularity in the group. Sacrifice is a way to purify the community or an individual through ritual. Nor are all of them communal: many are personal, such as the passage from health to illmess. For Maasai babies, however, names are so important that they are bestowed by village elders soon after birth. Meanwhile the groom undergoes the traditional African wedding rituals known as Kupeka Begi… in this ritual the female relatives of the groom take gifts to his bride on his behalf. African rites of passage usually occur at birth, marriage, and death; on initiation into SECRET SOCIETIES (often associated with reaching a certain age); and on achieving an important position such as that of king or priest. Individuals with professional skill or knowledge may be able to convince a spirit to possess them through dancing, hyperventilation (becoming dizzy by rapid breathing), or the use of drugs. Thirty years ago American-born Carol Beckwith and Australian Angela Fisher met in Kenya and began a relationship with the African continent that would profoundly alter and shape their lives. It is an exhibit that both preserves and presents the power, complexity and celebration found within the rituals of African tribal life. Jamaican Revivalism is a mix of European and African religious traditions, turned into something uniquely Jamaican. Humans are seen as a combination of physical and spiritual elements, which split into separate parts at the time of death, with the body returning to the earth and the spirit or soul passing on to assume its role in the afterlife. It evokes sacredness and intentionality. photographers, but their dedication to preserving for all time the The possessed person often does not recall the experience. Yoruba Oro Efe masks emerge from the sacred forest, invoking blessings for the annual Gelede festival, which ensures the continued protection of the mother God, Iya Nla. Often performed on a regular basis, sacrifices are usually conducted to remove contamination caused by existing conditions. This period of seclusion, which may be long or short, is marked by symbolic reversal of the normal order—such as wearing forbidden clothes or eating forbidden foods. A strong collective future in an uncertain world depends on families working together, and the common goal of survival is often put ahead of personal pleasure. The Brooklyn Museum exhibition travelled to museums throughout the USA, South America and Europe. Funeral Ritulals: Senufo Wambele Masks at Grave Site, Ivory Coast. Male Circumcision with Knife. “Beckwith and Fisher know very well that much of Africa has come fully into the twenty-first century. As they enter the adult world during their teenage years, African youngsters undergo a variety of initation rituals. For more information on current projects and donations, please contact African Ceremonies Inc. African Ceremonies: Passages is a selection of iconic images from the Beckwith & Fisher Archives, a traveling exhibition curated by the Brooklyn Museum of Art in 2000. Well-known examples include the bori cult of northern Nigeria and the zar cult of northeastern Africa, in which women possessed by spirits form cult groups around the particular possessing spirits. In all intiation ceremonies, a select group of elders takes charge of the sequence of ritual events. It is fortunate indeed for us that they have done so, for many of these rites are dying out or becoming altered as Africa assimiliates the habits and products of other parts of the world.”, ~ Robert Morton, editor, exhibition catalog “Passages”. The elaborate adornment seen at weddings reflects the importance of the occasion. African Ceremonies Inc, a 501C3 charitable foundation, is dedicated to the preservation of African tribal traditions through the photographic documentation of ceremonies and customs, thereby ensuring that the strength and essence of African culture is preserved for the history of mankind and for the education of future generations. Another form of communication with the spirit world is the practice of divination. They also play a role in drawing attention both to the individual's emergence from childhood and the assumption of responsibilities associated with adult life. The Wodaabe also place great emphasis on physical beauty and personal charm. Fearsome in appearance, double-headed Senufo Wambele masks frequent burial grounds, guarding tombs and chasing away any evil energy that might linger there. That role obligates the dead to protect and guard their living descendants from harm and to oversee the conduct of their family and lineage members. In such cases, the evil is removed through sacrifice. The individuals chosen vary from one society to another but may include men who have fathered children and women who were the firstborn in their families. At these ceremonies, African and Aztec dancers smudge each other with traditional copal and sage, herbs to heal each other in a sign of respect. According to Macmillan Encyclopedia of Death and Dying, death rituals in Africa are to ensure that the deceased is properly put to rest so his spirit is at peace and he can take his place among the protective ancestors. to the accompaniment of Voodoo drum rhythms, worshippers spin into possessed states and perform extraordinary feats after summoning the powr of their god through a series of offerings made in the Koku fetish shrine. Of all the tribal traditions, this one is arguably the most magical. Children are encouraged to take an active part in communal ceremonies and thereby begin their first steps on a journey that encompasses all the realms of human experience. It can also be initiated by spirits through possession of humans. In all African societies, childhood is a time for learning responsibilities and skills that enable children to contribute to their communities. Masquerades: Bwa and Bobo Bush Masks, Burkina Faso. From ancient times to today, Africa is rich with transitions of birth to death with hair rituals, traditions, and ceremonies. During this annual event, men compete with one another to be chosen as the most alluring by a group of female judges. The two photographers have lectured at such venues as the Explorers Club in New York, the National Geographic Society in Washington D.C. and many US cities as well as the Royal Geographic Society in London. VIDEO: After harvest, Surma men paint each other's bodies with intricate patterns, using a paste made from chalk found at the riverbank. For example, within the Samburu tribe of Kenya, a bride lives with her husband until her pregnancy.… The Beckwith Fisher Archive contains approximately 500,000 photographic images, diaries, field journals, drawings, video recordings, and museum-scale exhibition materials. The upheaval caused by European colonization of Africa inspired many prophets who promoted political as well as religious change, including some who led their followers into battle for independence. Africans use divination to explain and combat forms of evil and to identify its source—either spirits or other humans. Representing panthers, Nufori are intended to frigthen as well as entertain. Feb 5, 2020 - Explore Love Africa Stays and Tours Co's board "Rituals, Ceremonies & Spirituality", followed by 222 people on Pinterest. Body painting is performed by the Surma both to beautify and to make men more formidable in combat. As divine beings, rulers in many African cultures traditionally symbolize the welfare of the state and are responsible for the security and prosperity of their people. VIDEO:  Funeral Rituals: Mali. One of their most integral tribal traditions is the trance dance (also known as the healing dance). Although there are as many indigenous religions in Africa as there are different societies, these religions share many common features and beliefs. Generally considered living aspects of the supreme deity, these spirits may hold power over humans, who are usually unaware of them. In Africa funerals are considered a means of formally separating the dead from the living and of introducing an individual into the world of the spirit. Priests serve as intermediaries to appeal to the spirits to cure both physical and psychological disorders. African history is filled with the appearance of prophets who have come from outside the community to reform or reshape a society and its religion. Not all of the transitions in life are dramatic: some are seasonal, such are the ritual blessing of the earth before harvesting crops or going hunting. From birth until death, some ritual marks every milestone in a person’s life. Traditional African marriages comprise a series of ceremonies that range in length from a day to a week. Few African societies make a rigid distinction between religious behavior and other forms of social conduct. Traditionally this is also the time that Wodaabe women select their husbands and lovers. See more ideas about African, Africa, African culture. Interested institutions may inquire at African Ceremonies Inc, a 501c3 charitable foundation. Masquerades: Senufo Nufori Acrobats, Ivory Coast. The Foundation is also dedicated to carrying out community and individual projects, serving the needs of the groups with whom Carol Beckwith and Angela Fisher have lived. Their journeys have taken them over 270,000 miles, through remote corners of 40 countries, and to more than 150 African cultures. The following portraits reveal the extraordinary diversity of traditional bridal dress and jewelery designs across the continent. Many prophets have founded new Christian churches that focus on African concerns, including healing, well-being, material success, and long life. What matters is that myths help explain the past and present, resolve moral and social issues, and provide a cosmology—an account of the structure and purpose of the universe. Carol Beckwith and Angela Fisher have expressed their intention to place the Beckwith Fisher Archive – the world’s most extensive photographic archive of traditional African cultures and ceremonies - with an institution yet to be selected. During this festival, masks representing all aspects of the Dogon world enter the village to reestablish order and drive out any remaining spirits that might bring chaos to the community. From the moment of birth, an African child is connected to family, community and the ancestors. Maize porridge is ooked in a calabash with no bottom. All African religions contain notions of evil, which may take the form of sudden illness or death, unexpected failure, or bad dreams or visions. The ceremony ends with a blessing from the senior elders, who spray the new generation of elders with mouthfuls of milk and honey-beer. In many African cultures, masquerades are used to dramatize and reinforce the spritiual and social values of the community. From ancient times, African societies have marked the transitioins of the life cycle, from birth to death, with rites of passage. In most traditional African societies, the worlds of the living and the dead are perceived as equally real. To begin their training, intiates often enter a special place, a sacred forest or a ritually built house. When a person with no special religious status is possessed, it is seen as a sign that he or she has been chosen by the spirits and linked to their world. Yoruba Egungun masks embody the spirirts of the ancestors, who return to their respective communities for several days each year to advise villagers and punish wrongdoers. Ritual serves as a gateway to the land of ancestors and to the realm of Spirit. Masks, drums, chanting, and dancing were often a part of the ritual. All share a basic pattern: a supreme deity creates the world from nothing, sacred figures appear and use magic or divine power to form society, and then humans appear and create the earthly history of a group. Their defining body of work, the double volume African Ceremonies, a pan-African study of rituals and rites of passage from birth to death covering ninety-three ceremonies from twenty six countries, won the United Nations Award for Excellence for its “vision and understanding of the role of cultural traditions in the pursuit of world peace.”  Angela and Carol have also been twice honored with the Annisfield-Wolf Book Award in race relations for “outstanding contributions to the understanding of cultural diversity and prejudice,” the Royal Geographical Society of London’s Cherry Kearton Medal for their “contribution to the photographic recording of African ethnography and ritual,” and most recently the Lifetime Achievement Award from WINGS World Quest, honoring the accomplishments of visionary women. The spirit world is usually considered the source of “predictable” misfortune, that is, punishment for misdeeds or the result of personal actions. Among the Wodaabe, it is often the women who select their husbands and lovers. This deity is usually male and often rules with a female earth goddess or mother goddess. This constitutes the separation phase, which involves women preparing the room by polishing the floor with cow dung. Other common African myths deal with the relationship between humans and animals and the differences in the natures of men and women. More often this duty falls to a host of lesser spirits or mystical beings. Bassari Initiate Drinking from a Ritual Calabash, Bassari Initiates Reentering the Village from the Sacred Forest, Shai Initiates Performing the Klama Dance, Maasai Warrior with Ostrich-Feather Headdress, Maasai Warriors Arriving at Eunoto Ceremony, Maasai Initiates Receiving Blessings of Elders, Dinka Girls Socializing at the Cattle Camp, Wodaabe Male Charm Dancers with Female Judge, Wodaabe Men Performing Geerewol Beauty Dance, Possessed Ashanti Priest Receiving Assistance, Oro Efe Masks Emerging from the Sacred Forest, Oblameji Ancestor Mask Entering Egungun Festival, Arrival of King Opoku Ware II at His Silver Jubilee. The "home bringing" rite is a common African ceremony. It is there that they lose their childhood identities and gain their adult selves. Traditional African religion is a way of life in which ancestors are part of every major event such as wedding, births and deaths as well as less important ones such as getting a job and finishing university. Africa tribes are rich in African rituals, traditions, and ceremonies in tribal Africa. After a period of instruction, the initates undergo an encounter or ordeal that marks the climax of their intiation and the beginning of their new lives. Pre-Marital Introduction Ceremonies, aka “Courtship” No matter how long you’ve been courting your … African Ceremonies Inc, a 501c3 charitable foundation, is dedicated to the preservation of African tribal traditions through the photographic documentation of ceremonies and customs, thereby ensuring that the strength and essence of African culture is preserved for the history of mankind and for the education of future generations. Generally the rituals called on the spirits of ancestors or the spirits of nature for help and assistance. The importance of ritual in indigenous African tradition cannot be overstated. These ceremonies are rooted in healing rituals dating back to before the enslavement of African peoples and the conquest of Mexicans in North America. The youth are ritually introduced to the art of communal living. It arose through a process of syncretism between the traditional Yoruba religion of West Africa and the Roman Catholic form of Christianity.Adherents are known as creyente ("believers"). As in the Christian and Muslim faiths, the supreme being of African religions possesses attributes that define him as the opposite of humans—immortal, all powerful, all knowing, and incapable of error. Communication between the living and nonliving may also occur through possession, a condition in which a spirit or ancestor takes control of a living person. Religious beliefs and rituals play a central role in the everyday lives of most Africans. African view of Death Contact and communication between the living and the nonliving are at the heart of almost all African religions. South African wedding traditions and customs are filled with a lot of rights and rituals that have to be done to appease the ancestors to guide and protect the newlyweds on their quests towards the marital journey. Most African peoples have rites and ceremonies to mark this great change, but a few do not observe initiation and puberty rites. However, while the God of Christians and Muslims is concerned about all humans, the supreme deity of African religions generally cares only for the people of a particular society. Among them is the practice of slaughtering an ox and attaching gall bladders to the bride's head. Throughout the initiation, the warriors and their female companions perform courtship dances, during which the men leap high into the air to prove their agility. Feasting, dancing, animal sacrifice Believed to originate outside the individual, these forms of evil may affect the body and eventually cause it to break down and disintegrate. The story featured may in some cases have been created by an independent third party and may not always represent the views of the institutions, listed below, who have supplied the content. Diviners are called upon to reveal the causes of illmess and suffering and to discern an individual's personal destiny. Across the world, communities mark major transitions in life through celebrations and ceremonies. The occurrence of evil may be unexpected, may spring from a sense of guilt, or may be punishment for antisocial actions. Hundreds of millions of Africans now claim one of these faiths as their chosen religion, and Africa is currently the site of a dramatic growth in Christian converts. There are four important rites of passages in Africa communities, namely; Birth; Puberty; Marriage; Death; Today we will focus on death, funeral and burial in African culture and traditions. A Boloye band accompanies acrobatic Nufori dancers as they tumble before mourners at a funeral. Many diviners act as mediums, communicating with spirits through possession or trance. They exist in a state of perpetual balance and rebalance; actions performed by the inhabitants of one world have a corresponding effect on the other, some beneficial and others detrimental. VIDEO: Maasai warriors enter the ceremonial manyatta for their four-day ritual passage to elderhood. Rituals are as much a celebration of the role of the dead as it is mourning his passing, The performances serve to bring communities back into harmony with the spirit world and with each other, through shared activity and entertainment. Like the myths of other cultures, African myths help to explain the world and human society, making the world more predictable and controllable. In addition to regular sacrifices, special purification sacrifices can be performed at any time to heal individuals struck down by sickness, physical or psychological harm, or moral impurity. The bride’s female relatives then perform a ritual known as Kupeka Msuaki where they in turn take a gift of toiletries to the groom on the bride’s behalf. Traditions and ceremonies are disappearing rapidly across Africa. The mediums often wear clothing or eat foods that symbolize the “wilderness” that is the source of their special knowledge. For the San people of South Africa, Namibia, Botswana and Angola, dance is considered a sacred power. Others have merged ideas from indigenous and foreign faiths into religious groups that are unique to Africa. ", — Don Johanson, Director, Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University. Feasting, dancing, animal sacrifice and blessings ensure the community's participation in marriage rituals and bond the two families to each other and to their larger world. Individuals must be selected for the honor and then receive proper funeral rites. Because infant mortality remains high, the people of many African cultures are extremenly superstitious during the first few year of a child's life, and carry out rituals to protect it from hazards. Kola Nuts. They may explain past misfortunes or foretell likely future events. Most still turn to local gods for help with traditional problems or situations. During this time the two photographers would produce 14 universally acclaimed books. Finally, at the end of the festival, the power of Koku leaves the bodies of the worshippers, and they lie exhausted on the sand. VIDEO:  Wodaabe males spend hours beautifying themselves in preparation for the Yaake charm dance. When the time approaches for the birth, the liminal phase of the ritual begins. Yet certain aspects of African faiths differ from those of most world religions. It to break down and disintegrate performances serve to bring communities back into with... 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