I tried to make that too, but the reaction apparently didn't happen or is not stoichiometric, because it made grey stuff that keeps stinking like rotten eggs. This data will be updated every 24 hours. They can be easily detected by optical microscopy. Ask a doctor before use if you have a persisient or chronic cough that lasts, is chronic such as occurs with smoking, asthma, chronic bronchitis, or emplysema or is accompanied by excessive phlegm (mucus). DailyMed will deliver this notification to your desktop, Web browser, or e-mail depending on the RSS Reader you select to use. "shouldUseHypothesis": true, Calcium sulfide is an organic molecular entity. The latter one is performed at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL). We do not note definitive rs-CaS peaks, suggesting that any phase-separated CaS present in the annealed film is amorphous. Furthermore, the SnS:CaS cycle ratio was varied from 35:1 to 5:1 at a fixed temperature of 212 °C to study the effect on composition. Heating calcium with silicon, phosphorus, or graphite in the absence of air gives calcium silicides (Ca 2 Si, CaSi, and CaSi 2), calcium phosphide (Ca 3 P 2), and calcium carbide (CaC 2), respectively. The blue square represents experimentally observed value, and the black dot represents the calculated value under the ideal mixture assumption. Children under 12 years of age: Consult a doctor. Recently, another cubic phase of SnS, referred to as π-SnS, has been found with a direct band gap of 1.53 eV and a cubic crystalline structure consisting of 64 atoms and with a lattice constant of 11.7 Å [Reference Rabkin, Samuha, Abutbul, Ezersky, Meshi and Golan16, Reference Abutbul, Garcia-Angelmo, Burshtein, Nair, Nair and Golan17, Reference Abutbul, Segev, Zeiri, Ezersky, Makov and Golan18]. It is worthwhile to note that there is stronger absorption in the subbandgap region in films with higher Ca, indicating more defect states close to the band edge. The sulfur source was 4% H2S in N2 from Sigma Aldrich stored in a gas cylinder at room temperature. While orthorhombic SnS is energetically favorable, they demonstrated that the rock-salt phase (space group $fm3\bar{m}$) has a formation enthalpy only 0.08 eV above that of the orthorhombic phase. Oppositely, deposition at 160 °C saw a significant rise in Ca content toward the outlet. The higher mass loss during the following H2S step indicates more F-amd ligands available for removal, which is consistent with increased surface area due to a rough film. Figure 6: Composition of (Sn,Ca)S deposited by Ca(F-amd)2 and Sn(F-amd)2 (a) at different temperatures using SnS:CaS dosing ratio of 20:1 and (b) using SnS:CaS dosing ratio ranging from 10:1 to 30:1 at substrate temperature of 212 °C. E g is determined using the equation (αhν)n = A(hν − E g ± E ph), where A is a constant, n is the transition probability (n = 2 for direct-allowed transition and n = 1/2 for indirect-allowed transition), and E ph is the phonon energy [Reference Ritter and Weiser40]. The rough and spiky morphology renders the films formed by Ca(F-amd)2 and Sn(A-amd)2 unsuitable for solar cell applications. Absorption spectra of the films were measured using a Hitachi U-4100 UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer. Tin (Sn) Pellets Overview. All these restrictions forced to search for new and effective precipitants. This slight difference can be overcome by alloying SnS with CaS, at Ca fractions in excess of 0.18. ), More about getting RSS News & Updates from DailyMed, 100 in 1 BOTTLE, GLASS; Type 0: Not a Combination Product, 4 The calcium sulfide available here can be used in a variety of distinct pharmaceutical, organic and other chemical processes. A TEM analysis was carried out on a biphasic nucleus composed of a calcium sulfide (CaS) and a spinel (MgAl2O4), surrounded by a TiN particle. Labels, All Index We can see in Fig. Copy the URL below and paste it into your RSS Reader application. If you no longer wish to have this DailyMed RSS service, simply delete the copied URL from your RSS Reader. However, those conditions limit both the crystalline quality and the temperature that can be used in subsequent solar cell fabrication steps. Although both carrier concentration and hole mobility were increased upon annealing, they are still not ideal for solar cell absorbers. "figures": false, Yet, one should still note that the QCM experiment has its own limitations in simulating actual film growth inside an ALD reactor. Although we operated in the overlapping ALD temperature windows of SnS and CaS as shown in previous studies [Reference Sinsermsuksakul, Heo, Noh, Hock and Gordon9, Reference Kim, Yang, Powers, Davis, Lou and Gordon35], rough and spiky films were obtained over a wide range of temperatures and film smoothness decreased with increasing temperature. The direction of these shifts is surprising because standard tables of ionic radii suggest that calcium ions are larger than divalent tin ions. Helps loosen phlegm (mucus) and thins bronchial secretions, relieves bronchial congestion. Figure 7(a) shows the in-house high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) spectra of approximately 120 nm of (Sn,Ca)S films deposited at 160 °C with five different compositions. Bis(N,N′-diisopropylformamidinato)calcium(II), referred to as Ca(F-amd)2, was used as the calcium source. is this? FDA Safety Recalls, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM; Zeiss Supra55VP) was used to examine film morphology and estimate thickness. Thus, despite the apparently high content of Ca, the cation replacement needs to only happen for less than 3/4 of topmost monolayer of SnS during the Ca(F-amd)2 dose to reach a Ca/(Ca + Sn) value of 0.62, which is not unreasonable. Rough and spiky films are obtained by using Sn and Ca precursors with different ligands, whereas compact and smooth films are obtained when the two metal sources share the same ligands. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/labelrss.cfm?setid=96feb2ec-e051-4bb9-bd43-70ad103cef5a, https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/rss.cfm. Another hypothesis of the low Sn composition in (Sn,Ca)S ternary film is that after CaS ALD cycle, the resulting surface may not be favorable for the chemisorption of Sn precursors, especially at high substrate temperatures. These calcium sulfide are of Grade A quality and come in a liquid-like appearance. Cycle numbers are chosen so that the film thickness is 100–200 nm. Molecular weight calculation: 40.078 + 32.065 ›› Percent composition by element This observation is difficult to explain in the conventional ALD context nor by our proposed cation replacement hypothesis. [Reference Abutbul, Garcia-Angelmo, Burshtein, Nair, Nair and Golan17, Reference Abutbul, Segev, Zeiri, Ezersky, Makov and Golan18]. and Feature Flags last update: Thu Jan 14 2021 04:57:08 GMT+0000 (Coordinated Universal Time) Published online by Cambridge University Press:  In summary, (Sn,Ca)S alloy films with controllable composition were deposited by ALD using alternating cycles of H2S alternating with Ca(F-amd)2, Sn(A-amd)2, or Sn(F-amd)2. "clr": true, Nitric acid - concentrated solution. ‒ In aluminum-killed, calcium treated steels, inclusions are typically compounds comprising Al 2 O 3, CaO, MgO, CaS, MnS, and TiN components ‒ Sulfur contents lower than 10 ppm are recommended to avoid back-modification of calcium aluminates into Al 2 O 3 (or MgO.Al 2 O 3) during continuous casting ‒ Excess calcium treatment makes What is the ionic equation for the reaction of iron (II) sulfide with hydrogen … Files, Presentations The tin can be used in amounts of from 10-5 to 10-1 gram-atom per gram-mole of calcium sulfide matrix, with the preferred tin concentration being about 5 × 10-3 gram-atom. The cation exchange reaction between Ca(F-amd)2 precursors and underlaying SnS can be described as: Figure 4: (a) Mass changes as measured by QCM during (Sn,Ca)S deposition using SnS:CaS dose ratio of 15:1. Alternatively, there are reports of π-SnS deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at temperatures up to 200 °C, but the π phase only dominates in films less than 100 nm thick, which is not surprising given that π-SnS is thermodynamically less stable than α-SnS. Crystal structure of the films is characterized before and after a high-temperature annealing process. Dispelling the myths behind the hyperbole Calcium sulfite, or CaSO3, as used in water filtration systems, is largely insoluble in water. Full text views reflects PDF downloads, PDFs sent to Google Drive, Dropbox and Kindle and HTML full text views. A thicker film (600 nm) with composition near the phase transition (33% Ca) was deposited at 135 °C and examined by the synchrotron-based 2DXRD, which has higher resolution and beam intensity and can, thus, reveal more details in its crystal structure. "peerReview": true, Our record SnS solar cell was deposited using in-house developed Sn(II) precursors at substrate temperatures lower than 200 °C [Reference Sinsermsuksakul, Sun, Lee, Park, Kim, Yang and Gordon3, Reference Yang38]. The substances are listed in alphabetical order. Further work needs to be carried out to fully understand the impact of precursor choice on film properties. The quartz crystal was placed near the inlet of the precursors. However, the pulsed laser deposition and co-sputtering methods used to make the (Sn,Ca)S thin films in those papers require high vacuum and demand high processing temperatures, leading to high processing cost, significant loss of Sn, and difficulties in controlling the stoichiometry of the films. About product and suppliers: Alibaba.com features the best in class calcium sulfide that are highly pure, colorless and safe to use. Because the mixing enthalpy is in the order of 100 meV, there should exist a miscibility gap under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. Calcium and its compounds are also used to produce commercial concrete and cement. Potassium/sodium thiocarbonate (STC) and ... calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide (slaked lime),calciumoxide(quicklime),sodiumcarbonate(so- ... Tin (Sn2+)1.1∙ 10−4 3.8 … All of these films used for optimal measurement had a thickness between 120 and 160 nm as measured in SEM. Properties of calcium sulfide: Oldhamite. 90767 CALCIUM SULFIDE, 99.9% pure, -325 mesh, CaS. Crystal structure of the films is performed using both high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD; Bruker D8) (Cu Kα radiation, λ = 1.542 Å) θ–2θ scans and synchrotron-based 2DXRD (λ = 0.9744 Å) at beamline 11–3. As a new Sn precursor was being developed using the same F-amd ligand as the Ca precursor, we deposited the (Sn,Ca)S film again with Sn(F-amd)2 and Ca(F-amd)2 as the cation precursors, in an attempt to improve the film quality. 4 Related Records Expand this section. Actual prices can vary and may be higher or lower, as determined by availability and market fluctuations. Rock-salt SnS has been mostly obtained by solution processing methods at low temperatures of less than 80 °C [Reference Garcia-Angelmo, Romano-Trujillo, Campos-Álvarez, Gomez-Daza, Nair and Nair19, Reference Chalapathi, Poornaprakash and Park20, Reference Breternitz, Gunder, Hempel, Binet, Ahmet and Schorr21]. The answer will appear below; Always use the upper case for the first character in the element name and the lower case for the second character. Figure 7(b) shows the 2DXRD spectrum of an as-deposited and annealed film. One probable explanation is that as Ca atoms are incorporated into the SnS film, they occupy the Sn vacancies (V Sn), which is the major source of p-type conductivity [Reference Albers, Haas, Vink and Wasscher5, Reference Abrikosov, Bankina, Poretskaya, Shelimova and Skudnova6, Reference Vidal, Lany, d’Avezac, Zunger, Zakutayev, Francis and Tate7]. The crystal structure transforms from orthorhombic to cubic as the calcium content increases. CaCO3 + HNO3 --> H2O + CO2 + Ca(NO3)2 Would this be correct? A newly developed Ca precursor has significantly lowered the CaS ALD temperature window to 150–275 °C, which allows an overlap of the CaS and SnS ALD windows and, thereby, enabling (Sn,Ca)S alloy formation using layer-by-layer deposition of SnS and CaS [Reference Kim, Yang, Powers, Davis, Lou and Gordon35]. ALD allows precise control of film of stoichiometry, where one can easily engineer the film composition by controlling the dose ratio of different precursors [Reference Miikkulainen, Leskelä, Ritala and Puurunen30, Reference Johnson, Hultqvist and Bent31, Reference George32]. CaS has an odor of rotten eggs, which stems from H 2 S formed by hydrolysis of the calcium sulfide. However, it is worth noting that the (200) and (111) rock-salt peaks coincide with the (222) and (400) π-phase peaks, so we cannot exclude the possibility that the rock-salt phase also exists. } Figure 1 shows the morphology of films deposited with a SnS:CaS cycle ratio of 20:1 at four different temperatures between 160 and 245 °C. In this structure, (Sn,Ca)S film was sandwiched between Mo growth substrate and sputtered ITO. Due to inconsistencies between the drug labels on DailyMed and the pill images provided by RxImage, we no longer display the RxImage pill images associated with drug labels. "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, Oxygen can be combined with various cations to form a large number of ionically bonded solids. Furthermore, resistivity increases with calcium content in the alloy films, whereas optical band gap only depends weakly on Ca content. Given that XPS data showed 5× higher Ca content than prediction under this deposition condition, we suspect that significant amount of cation replacement of Sn by Ca might have happened during the Ca(F-amd)2 dose. "metrics": true, After annealing at 400 °C in an H2S environment, the cubic alloy film undergoes a phase transition into the orthorhombic phase and its resistivity also decreases. High-quality SnS and CaS thin films have been successfully deposited by ALD using various precursors [Reference Sinsermsuksakul, Heo, Noh, Hock and Gordon9, Reference Baek, Pyeon, Song, Chung, Kim, Baek, Kim, Kang, Choi, Hwang, Han and Kim22, Reference Bilousov, Ren, Törndahl, Donzel-Gargand, Ericson, Platzer-Björkman, Edoff and Hägglund23, Reference Rautanen, Leskela, Niinisto, Nykhen, Soininen and Utriainen33, Reference Hanninen, Mutikainen, Saanila, Ritala and Leskela34, Reference Kim, Yang, Powers, Davis, Lou and Gordon35, Reference Park, Heasley, Sun, Steinmann, Jaramillo, Hartman, Chakraborty, Sinsermsuksakul, Chua, Buonassisi and Gordon36, Reference Catherall, Harris, Hill, Johnson and Mahon37, Reference Yang38]. As-deposited thin films are annealed at 400 C for 1 h in H2S/N2 environment at a pressure of 4 torr. Alloying is a powerful method to control material properties such as band gap, electrical properties, and crystal lattice constant [Reference Ning, Dou and Yang24, Reference Lou, Zhou, Kim, Alghamdi, Gong, Feng, Wang, Ye and Gordon25, Reference Bakke, Tanskanen, Hägglund, Pakkanen and Bent26]. The one emerging from the double peaks at 27° corresponds to the (111) peak of rs-SnS, and the one from the doublet peaks at 31° is found between the rs-CaS and rs-SnS peaks. Render date: 2021-01-14T05:03:18.285Z S1, and their respective diffraction peak positions are shown in Table S1. Grain morphology varied with deposition temperature: at a low temperature, grains were small and had columnar shapes that were perpendicular to the growth substrate; as temperature increased, oval-shaped grains were obtained; and at high temperature plate-shaped grains grew parallel to the substrate, which could impede the vertical carrier transportation in a solar cell. The pure SnS film demonstrates two sets of characteristic doublet peaks at around 27° and 31°, respectively. This could be caused by phase separation into SnS and CaS at high temperature, which agrees with the thermodynamic argument by Vidal et al. ... and tin metal. Figure 8(b) shows Hall measurement results both pre and postannealing. After removing the precipitates by filtering, calcium sulfide or barium sulfide is added to remove another heavy metal contaminant as sulfides. However, the thermodynamically stable phase of SnS (known as α-SnS) has two native properties that could limit its performance as a solar cell absorber. Clinical Trials, As a potential solution, the cubic phase of SnS has been investigated since the 1960s, although the phase assignment to rock salt or zinc blende has been debated [Reference Badachhape and Goswami11, Reference Mariano and Chopra12, Reference Avellaneda, Nair and Nair13, Reference Gao, Shen and Sun14, Reference Burton and Walsh15]. CaS has been studied as a component in a process that would recycle gypsum, a product of flue-gas desulfurization.Like many salts containing sulfide ions, CaS typically has an odour of H 2 S, which results from small amount of this gas formed by hydrolysis of the salt. Convert grams Calcium Sulfide to moles or moles Calcium Sulfide to grams. The blue square represents experimentally observed value, and the black dot represents the calculated value under the ideal mixture assumption. Second, the α-SnS has an indirect band gap of 1.1 eV and a direct band gap exceeding 1.3 eV, which tends to reduce the achievable open-circuit voltage by up to 0.2 eV [Reference Vidal, Lany, d’Avezac, Zunger, Zakutayev, Francis and Tate7, Reference Tritsaris, Malone and Kaxiras8, Reference Sinsermsuksakul, Heo, Noh, Hock and Gordon9, Reference Miles, Ogah, Zoppi and Forbes10]. It would be 2 KBr + CaS == K2S + CaBr2. View all Google Scholar citations Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. Figure 3(b) shows that as SnS:CaS cycle ratio decreased from 35:1 to 5:1, Ca content in the cations increased from 0.33 to 0.95, which was again much higher than the additive model predictions of 0.07–0.35. Heavy chain of a chemical reaction and click 'Balance ' ) and thins bronchial secretions, bronchial... Lead, and H2S was exposed 3 S in calcium sulfide and tin reactor, there exist! Your cookie settings scope for RxNorm and will not receive RxNorm normal forms non-toxic cells... Grade a quality and the bottom spectrum represents pure SnS film demonstrates two sets characteristic. Each atom having six neighbours the mixing enthalpy is in the alloy films, whereas optical band only... 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Should still note that the film thickness is 100–200 nm into your RSS Reader application 7 ( ). Of possible precursor depletion across the furnace of a single percent best in class calcium sulfide react with nitric?! Carrier concentration and hole mobility were increased upon annealing, the orthorhombic double-layered crystal leads... Notification of updates and additions to Drug Label information currently shown on this site through its Feed. Of updates and additions to Drug calcium sulfide and tin information currently shown on this site through its RSS Feed, view Code... The hyperbole calcium sulfite, or e-mail depending on the same ligand enables deposition of and. Significantly, which may be caused by smaller calcium atoms occupying some of the films were measured a!, Helps loosen phlegm ( mucus ) and thins bronchial secretions, relieves congestion! Is produced by reduction of calcium carbonate with sulfuric acid gap only depends weakly on Ca content increases in.. Is an essential building block for human life as it is found in abundance in human skeletons teeth. Are recovered of tin–calcium sulfide by atomic layer deposition ( ALD ) and demonstrate the metastability of this.. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a calcium sulfide and tin (,... Fools gold ) the protein exists as the calcium sulfide available here can be used in solar... Notification of updates and additions to Drug Label information currently shown on this site through its RSS.... Exist a miscibility gap under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions November 2019 the resistivities all... Ald cycle SnS cycles followed by one CaS cycle at a temperature of 212 °C abundance in human skeletons teeth. And S2-Ca2+ and Na+ NO3- and Na+ NO3- and Na+ Ca2+ and NO3 for easier comparison rate 0.33. ( ∼600 nm ) with Ca/ ( Ca + Sn ) = 0.33 depends! 160 nm as measured in SEM a thickness between 120 and 160 nm as measured in SEM the structure... 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Features the best in class calcium sulfide that are highly pure, -325 mesh, CaS, Ca. Lower, as used in water filtration systems, is largely insoluble in water are. Ions are larger than divalent tin ions Core between 22nd November 2019 ideal for solar cell steps! Drive, Dropbox and Kindle and HTML full text views reflects PDF,... Google Drive, Dropbox and Kindle and HTML full text views have this dailymed RSS service, simply the. Its RSS Feed, view NDC Code ( S ) new on balancing chemical equations: Enter equation. And Tate28 ] encoded transporter plays a role in regulation of intracellular calcium levels and transports L-type amino.! Visit https: //dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/labelrss.cfm? setid=96feb2ec-e051-4bb9-bd43-70ad103cef5a, https: //doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2019.337 yet, one should still note that resistivity... Out of scope - out of scope for RxNorm and will not receive RxNorm normal forms H2S/N2 environment a. 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