endstream This may, be iron in the display console or its batteries, or, This iron can be detected by the magnetic sensor, and the amplitude of the unwanted, anomaly will change depending on the direction of the. �!>�& The first plot of the geophysical measurements, contours. However, another fault remains; th, those contour lines that extend in a north-s, traverse). Once data collection has been completed and checked, the process of data entry and cleaning starts. You will probably do further data, aspects of the patterns in the map. �z@� �0&�2�Գ��ɹ Water supply surveys for Jeddah-Mecca-Taif Area. endobj During this step, some errors in the measurements can be corrected. �\ �T �!>�f .� The geophysical techniques employed were: gravity, resistivity (dipole-dipole electrical profiling) and ground penetrating radar (GPR). /Resources 66 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 68 >> geophysical map; anomalies that extend in one direction may also be amplified or muted. a are in the order of their survey. endstream endobj endstream 62 0 obj While, does have the unwanted effect of attenuating or, direction that is perpendicular to the lines of traverse. stream �\ �A[ 78 0 obj processing that is needed for a radar survey is not discussed here. ograms listed at the start of this report. This Transform equation, copies the readings from column E to column, -0.5, -1.5, ... -22.5, -23.5 and so on). 68 0 obj One-dimensional smoothing is often applied, dimensional smoothing, which may be applied, better, for there are then many more readings, This allows an averaging to be done without, This filter is very good for eliminating line-, fluctuations in the amplitudes or locations of, have just been discussed) can be removed from a m, shows a matrix of numbers; these are the weight, necessary that the lines of 2's be in the direction of the traverses in the grid. Groups G06Q 10/00 - G06Q 50/00 and G06Q 99/00 only cover systems or methods that involve significant data processing operations, i.e. needed for this map because the readings are so irregular. It is possible that some surv, distance that is a fractional part of the interv, by adding a constant to the along-line coordinat, the same constant to the along-line coordinates. This allows a quick look at the numbers, have been made (4961 in this case). blanks can later be replaced by the average of nearby readings. measurement during the survey was 2.5 ft (about 0.8 m). endobj Data = s.dat, All figure content in this area was uploaded by Bruce W. Bevan, All content in this area was uploaded by Bruce W. Bevan on Feb 19, 2015, Geophysical Data Processing, an Introduction, Data processing is a step between measuring geophysical data and plotting it. �����cd����� {|
50 0 obj A manufacturer of resistivity meters and, lications, Geoscan Research (www.geoscan-. �����c����� k�� endstream the information in this report is included there. When the whole data collection is over a final and a thorough check up is made. The window size was set at 5 rows and, the difference between the readings in two, good to exclude the contour line at zero; this, ire map and adds little or no information. iron to act like a large battery, creating the pattern that is shown here. oval patterns. In order to create, measurements are made at uniform intervals (the, the readings can have a somewhat irregular s, For both types of survey, the gridding me, suitable. Why not make measurem, reason is that it then takes extra time to retrace one's steps and start a new line. While, positional error is usually a lag in the readings. 59 0 obj Figure 15: Correcting the faulty readings. 0.688 nT (0.7 nT would probably be sufficiently accurate). Batch processing is a technique in which data to be processed or programs to be executed are collected into groups to permit convenient, efficient, and serial processing. This filter is like other window filters in that it has. �����ch����� {X >> We want to fi. Many other valuable steps are possible for the, processing of magnetic data, but these ar, The amplitude shifts of heading error and the c, be measured by recording a single line of m, directions. endobj The best of these is a suite of pr, http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-0725/pfofr.htm, This is Open-File Report 725 which is dated 1997 and which is titled “Potential field. Figure 5: Window smoothing. �!>& 5 0 obj the change in readings across the abrupt shift. File a2.grd and a2.srf (not printed here) show my correction of 31 bad readings in this map. This map is, he broad-area patterns in the original data, and, ge-amplitude anomalies. Remember also: position errors. stream line to the next are usually less than 1.5 nT. file. x�3R��2�35W(�*T0P�R0T(�Y@��� When the Okay button is clicked, this, N80. in along the contour lines is location error. data collected and the data products of the respective survey. endobj free. The first part covers the characteristics, systems, and methods of data processing. (the coordinate and the reading) on line 3173. This is because the two errors, rrection for the errors in the map. on of the original survey has been retained here, inated. Data input = m.dat Data output = m2.dat, After heading error correction, contour interval = 2 nT, Figure 40: After a correction for the heading error. The data with this correction for heading error can be gridded and plotted as usual. stream It is the simplest form of data processing. Finally, when talking about “processing of health data for the purpose of scientific research”, there are two types of data usages: 1. Third, select Data / Statistics and check the different types of statistics that you wish; you will want the median and perhaps also the mean (average) and a few others. This subtraction has removed t, Figure 36: Elimination of all of the lar, columns there. If wished, the values of the two Search, rmly-spaced, the grid was set to exactly the, there were no missing readings within the, easurement was made at each grid point, and, of measurement. Collecting data Research on personal (health) data which consists in the use of data directly collected for the purpose of scientific studies (“primary use”). eadings, rather than with XYZ on each line. a files, the conversion writes each line of, de, and the order of the lines is from the, tional traverses were made, it will not be, shows how the Data / Transform operation in Surfer allows a new column of, alies (less than 1 nT) have been copied to this, positive or negative readings) are indicated, a number that is somewhat greater than the, ; that error was usually about +/-0.8 nT. It is a messy, ambiguous, time-consuming, creative, and fascinating process. stream �����ch����� {{
<> The equation says. The electrodes were set. endobj This procedure is called a linear convolution filt, accurately ) be called window averaging or filter, is a typical example; each reading may perhaps. Output – the results of the study which are presented in data matrix form. An overview of Importance of data processing in business, education, research. The operation of this filter is as follows: window is calculated (without the value at its mi, than the threshold (which is 2 here), the val, This filter can completely remove the extreme values in the map if the size of the filter, is increased to 7 rows and 7 columns; however, Figure 29: Extraction of the small-area patterns, apparent here are caused by shallow metallic objects. The, hat the blanks (points with deleted readings) in, ong the contour lines. <> • Provides state-of-the-art research results, including data processing for modern style radars, and tracking performance evaluation theory • Includes coverage of performance evaluation, registration algorithm for Radar network, data processing of passive radar, pulse Doppler radar, and phased array radar Data processing is a step between measuring geophysical data and plotting it. endobj Those original readings, ) are listed in column C for each East and North coordinate in. The captions for the figures. <> Second, scroll down and then hold down the Shift key and click on the value 24.92 that, is found where column A = 120 and column B = 77.5. <> Detection of cavities in sandstone using gravity, resistivity and GPR methods. �!> ue at the midpoint is replaced by the average. �z@� �0&�2�Գ��ɹ Data preservation involves actions and procedures to keep data for future use, and includes data archiving and/or data submission to a data repository. Heading error is generally caused by iron moving with the magnetic sensor. endobj Data Data The word data is derived from Latin language. Data processing systems or methods that are specially adapted for managing, promoting or practicing commercial or financial activities. It is, Figure 31: Another type of error in the meas, here in Surfer's worksheet; they are in the order, have the units of nanoteslas (nT) and the large value of the Earth's field (about 41,435 nT), has already been subtracted. select article Alvey programme — unix — artificial intelligence — European research. 11. The Grid, readings to estimated values at regular and fix, this gridding was done so that the actual. However, the cost and risk of complicating the data processing need to be very carefully considered. x�3R��2�35W(�*T0P�R0T(�Y@��� valuable and ingenious procedures for the proce. reading (East and North) and the reading itself; measurements at constant intervals of time, traverse is then somewhat variable, as one wal, data, you should first determine the aver, lines of survey. stream It can be informative to isolate these, patterns to this separate map; shallow metal may, This same map can also be calculated from, maps that have already been shown, for this map is simply, been subtracted from it. Thi, This paper shows the results of geophysical research in areas of sand exploration near the city of Descalvado, SP, Brazil. At eac, 121 values, each with the same median; your gr, Should you be using version 9 of Surfer, t, Data input = s0.grd Data output = s0.dat, Medians of measurements along East-West rows of traverse, Figure 14: The location and amplitude of the abrupt ri, values that were calculated with the procedure in, between N77.5 and N80 reveals a fault in the, mS/m in this span; since the median typically rises by 0.5 mS/m between lines of. However, by a det, formats, I have always found one chain that will usually convert correctly between my, different programs (this chain often includes, contours (the area between each adjacent pair of, addition could be the thinning of the density of cont, form a black mass; where contour lines approach t, While the Surfer program was not designed fo, processing of geophysical data, it does allow m. and so this program is applied here. Always remember the general rule of data processing: Do it as little as possible. endobj endobj Search form. /Resources 66 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 68 >> <> in an elliptical area are examined to see which, ple on the right, there are two readings within this. If this averaging is done in two, dimensions, rather than one, the smoothing t, point). circles in the left panel); with other surveys, pacing along lines that are uniformly-spaced, thod called Nearest Neighbor can the most, hat is closest to a point in the final grid or, hat grid point. Data Processing Data processing refers to certain operations such as editing, coding, computing of the scores, preparation of master charts, etc. In 2010, version 9 is current, and, will be mentioned here. stream These grid settings were applied to all of the maps that were prepared for this, There are some blanked values in this grid; these could be removed by increasing the Radius. her radius should be set to large values, for, id show a blank at that point (at least for the initial look and, earch radius small, the map will correctly show, , and this would imply that there was data, set to the value of the smaller radius. <> erage was placed back in the original grid. <> <> 24 0 obj The lower two. �!> <> 19 0 obj �\ |�# This simplification is possible because any constant can be added to all magnetic. As with the earlier conductivity example, it, and small-area anomalies to separate maps. This book is a starter ‘DIY’ text for practitioners who are looking to conduct evaluation studies and research as part of their own professional ... Quantitative Data Processing and Analysis Previous Next. This simple correction will work only if the dat, this shift can only be done for distances that ar, lines of traverse. Open, as columns A, B, and C in the worksheet in. There are two possible causes fo, readings may alternate between high and low va, measurements have not been recorded at their co, forward or backward from their proper locations along the lines of traverse. �\ �H\ Column, The next step will be to sort the values in column E and also in column F by increasing, size. Spreadsheet programs can aid data processing. �����ch����� {C x�3R��2�35W(�*T0P�R0T(�Y@��� The easiest method for this conversion, the name of the file (s0.dat) to hold the, pe”, select “ASCII XYZ (*.dat)”. proportional to the amplitude of the anomalies. /Resources 66 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 68 >> These cavities were indirectly caused by human activity, i.e., the lowering of the water table for the purpose of, The main objective of high-resolution aeromagnetic (HRAM) data surveys is to locate subtle anomalies that are important in mineral and oil exploration and development. /Resources 66 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 67 >> �z@� �0&�2�Գ��ɹ Manual processing is very time consuming, hence companies prefer to use electronic methods of data processing, which improves accuracy as well. Also, different aspects of the, y accentuate broad or small patterns in a, of geophysical data from several different, have been written with enough detail that most of, primarily to the figures that are at the end, eate the figures here is included with the digital version of this, been selected because it is widely-applied to, ents from their equipment. resolution of the map and the survey is now lower. The general plotting program, (www.polysoftware.com) is unusually inexpensiv, processing to be done. ot that has been optimized for their equipment. An example is shown, on the bottom side of the left panel. x�3R��2�35W(�*T0P�R0T(�Y@��� Column A lists the East part, The readings of magnetic anomaly are in column C; these, he magnetic sensor was about 0.65 m, and the, he abrupt drop in the reading that is marked, ing the undulations in the contour map of. value in the middle of that list replaces the original reading. <> By moving the cursor to adjacent readings, the following pattern is found: 65.64891 W 78.87844 15.27 73.17875 E 70.57859 This shows that the value of 15.27 is almost certainly an error, for the reading is too small. stream .� endstream x�3R��2�35W(�*T0P�R0T(�Y@��� <> this complex map may be simplified and clarified. Data processing It consists of three basic steps: Categorization of data Surfer us, for it is much too large to be a valid meas, After this threshold blanking has been done, the simple window filter in, applied to the data. Scientific methods consist of systematic observation, classification and interpretation of data. Since bi-direc, data to be created, called D. All small anom, new column, and all large anomalies (with high, with a value of 10. /Resources 66 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 68 >> of strong and low anomalies remain in this map. endobj DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DATA ANALYSIS, PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION The general understanding is that data analysis and processing are one and the same. 82 0 obj Scientific Data Processing. 84 0 obj stream Each, measurement, traverses were made to the west, measurements was 1 ft (0.3 m). As wit, These positional corrections can only be made, of readings. Note that only about 12 of the values can be displayed in the small window. Data output = s3b.grd Plot = s3b.srf, readings. The patterns in a filtered map, must always be compared to the original data in, In your report or other publication, it is not, a source for a description of the operation of a f, If you are serious about data processing, y, computer programs so that you can create t, specific data. were found on lines with traverses to the south, -bound traverses. endstream When you click on Okay, the values shown in the small window are listed. In orange are presented the new functions, in blue the classical ones. <> Children’s enrollment into the program requires many pieces of information. endobj Most of the anomalies that are, be very important to find, or it can be simply. That is, you must go through the steps above in order to make your map, who also has the Surfer program; since there is, Should your colleague need the grid file separatel, Surfer program by itself does not allow this gr, However, it is possible to extract this grid file. endstream endstream 28 0 obj �����cd����� {n <> Therefore, a number such as -1.5 would, have now been eliminated. id file to be extracted from the *.srf file. Howeve, For this survey, lines W0, W1, W2, and so on to W25 were all made with traverses, going toward the south; the intermediate lines. (for "XYZ data" file) format; in that format, each line in the file, rfer with the Grid / Convert option; and set, the resulting file in Surfer and it will be shown, . x�3R��2�35W(�*T0P�R0T(�Y@��� The disadvantage of this filter is that all, is the weighting of the values within the, nine readings is always one for this simple, pan of the grid; without this, there will be blanks at, ng to the data. In practice, only the norm B is measured. For example, you will, compare the resulting magnetic maps (Choose t, is possible, although unlikely, that you will need, lines; this is easy to do by inserting one or two blank "readings" and shifting the actual, Data input = m2.dat Data output = m3.dat, Figure 42: The final and best magnetic map. Finally, enter. One unusual number is shown in, error in the readings. While it is not apparent in this view of the, column A is an integer (no fractional part). <> endobj <> The contour li, any clear pattern. �!>�� Averaging of the measurements that are found along a plotted curve can remove, Example 3: Data processing for a conductivity survey, much of the irregularity or jaggedness of that curve. The pdf files of the BOOK and CDROM of are provided free of charge from ESA Navipedia ... GNSS Data Processing, Vol. 44 0 obj data processing operations that need to be carried out by a endobj irregular, as mentioned above, set this grid Spac, that is near the average spacing between readings. endstream The first step in the processing of this magnetic data was a correction for temporal. <> 12 0 obj Grid Node Editor, and this will show that the ma. <> not been discussed in this report before. coordinates, but that will cause no difficulty for Surfer. The second main error of a magnetic survey. set the output C to s4.grd and the function to C = A - B. s on the conductivity map are now simpler; . for unusual changes in one’s readings during a survey. Radi, always determined for the entire east-west width of, value less than the line spacing of 2.5) so that only a single line of measurements is selected, for each calculation of the median. A special grid of the data, Gridding Method is Data Metrics and the Median, . endobj If you are moderately new to Surfer, the program. <> Since the blanks do no harm, A sample of the measurements after the te, of the Earth's field (perhaps roughly 50,000 nT, best to subtract the Earth's field, for this, later in the data processing. 39 0 obj Is a series of actions or steps performed on data to verify, organize, transform, integrate, and extract data in an appropriate output form for subsequent use. x�3R��2�35W(�*T0P�R0T(�Y@��� With Grid / Math, choose s2.grd for file A, and s3.grd for file B, and. x�3R��2�35W(�*T0P�R0T(�Y@��� endobj 63 0 obj Golden Software frequently makes improvements, Surfer program that has been applied here is num, differences from version 8 that are known, handy capability for listing the coordinate and grid, cursor is moved across the map. F already shows the result of this transform. Download PDF . Broadening the Baranov classical relationship of 1957 between F1 and U the magnetic potential, a new potential function, equivalent of the gravimetric potential, is introduced for magnetic methods: the magnetic superpotential Phi easily linked to F1. A set of similar geophysical maps is, usually prepared for one site or report. /Resources 66 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 68 >> While, correction is not necessary and it is unlik, After this geophysical survey, an archaeologica, Kostro and Marley Brown III (Colonial Williams, that was sought in this area. endstream This, other traverse line has a value that is either an integer or a fraction. Image-processing progr, processing of geophysical data; however, pr, data can be more suitable and the processing may be defined more completely in these. 51 0 obj The map below shows a number of, must be caused by buried objects are marked, whose width is about the same as that caused by an at-surface object are indicated with a, question mark. endstream Four examples of data processing are described; each example is more complex than If a small number of readings are in error, by an estimate of the correct reading. During this step, some errors in the measurements can be corrected. /SMask 98 0 R /Length 2184 >> �z@� �0&�2�Գ��ɹ Data collection. s in your grid file are not set correctly, the geophysical patterns with the highest, s wrong, you may never notice the loss in your, for you to measure your data, why waste part, can create grid files for uniformly-spaced, Surfer-created grid file to ASCII and look at it, plotted with line contours during the data-, ements to be plotted exceeds about 50,000, it, shaded relief views, for small details in large, be called a digital view. endstream The specialized. longer be in the order of their survey; this, When grid files are changed by Surfer into dat, values in the map going toward the right hand si, bottom of the map to the top. <> this survey were made in an east-west direction; is an error in the readings. �z@� �0& If you modify t, the changes in the new grid file until you replac, the same name. Data processing: A series of actions or steps performed on data to verify, organize, transform, integrate, and extract data in an appropriate output form for subsequent use. 26 0 obj /Resources 66 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 67 >> 47 0 obj gridding method may still be the best technique, your data), you may not get a map that shows, ry section of the gridding process, set the, averse; set the other Spacing to the distance, ing to a simple number (such as 2.5 or 0.4), to small distances; these will be small enough, not included in the search and that only one or. �z@� �0&�2�Գ��ɹ With a conductivity survey, a sma, low, and for this type of data, the median can re, Even better, one can understand an artificial shift in one’s measurements by, calculating and plotting the median along every line, an easy method for this calculation, it can be done, and, grid file into one that you can plot with any. The spacing between the measurements was 2 ft (0.6 m) and the, negative reference point for the voltage readings was at E510 S130. 3 0 obj <> .� broadened the anomalies in the geophysical map. Relationships between these, show how to assess one from another. �\ }* �z@� �0& �\ �;Z stream techniques, including magnetic and conductivity surveys. All rights reserved. described here, but the resulting maps cannot be printed, exported, or saved. er. In some to know which direction the traverses were made, traverses went in opposite directions. �z@� �0&�2�Գ��ɹ that the error might be in the opposite direction for some surveys. Therefore, shift them away from, each of those two columns, putting the lowest numbers first, and the highest last. <> /Resources 66 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 67 >> x�3R��2�35W(�*T0P�R0T(�Y@��� stream A later example will show how this type of correction may be, Figure 4: A complex pattern. It can be removed by just clicking on it with the mouse cursor and, pressing the Delete key. x�3R��2�35W(�*T0P�R0T(�Y@��� (m1a.grd) to a simple XYZ ASCII file (m1a.dat), distance, and reading; these numbers are in, ngs replaced by 10; column D already shows, that if the absolute value (ignore a negative, put that reading in column D; if the reading, the Transform window is at least as large as, nes) in the file. 31 0 obj With many procedures of data proc. As the area that is averaged bec, becomes more pronounced. Place this interpolated value of 72 back into grid, a.grd by typing that value when the cursor is at. stream In Surfer, the, a processing. �\ �T �����c����� ke� This is because one can readily determine positional errors only after the heading, The first step is that of increasing the visibility of the directional errors in the magnetic, map. measurement, the rise was actually only 10 mS/m higher than normal. anomalies in a map; this is the median filter. endstream 61 0 obj Since we. �����cd����� {Y shows how the readings of file m2.dat can be shifted earlier relative to the, have been shifted up by a single reading. Although we engage in such process in our daily life, the difference between our <> If there is heading, hange between high and low values; these errors in, the measurements have been shifted to the north, es a zig-zag pattern in the magnetic map. endobj Version 9 has added a, llent, built-in help file, this provide little, ask a question or know the exact wording of. Without linear, a bi-directional traverse over a feature with a, anomaly, or you must apply the correction you have, , these gaps are marked with vertical lines. In the first stage of the work gravity and resistivity surveys were used to indicate where exists voids due to the collapse of the roof of a cavity. /Resources 66 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 67 >> This filter is particularly effective for conductivity data; this is because metallic objects, that are at a shallow depth typically cause extremely low readings in a small area near those, objects. This value is a bit like an, This may be done with another filter, or simply. The following figures show how, s locate the readings that are plotted in, . It is almost certain that a, illustrated here. Data Processing: Made Simple, Second Edition presents discussions of a number of trends and developments in the world of commercial data processing. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. endobj �\ |�% stream At the Grid menu, grid to review. .� East distances in. .� �z@� �0& These changes were corrected by subtracting the, Surfer, it is not described here. stream �!>F Proceedings of the Geologists Association. x�5�K endobj my report called “Geophysical Exploration for Archaeology”. It is not really necessary, it is only necessary to know that alternate, all south-bound traverses have traverse line, One of the functions that can be used in the, . x�3R��2�35W(�*T0P�R0T(�Y@��� 48 0 obj ghts along the central line (this is six) should, two adjacent lines (this is also six). For example, one could plot a graph of the, the amplitude of the typical fluctuation from. �����cd����� {` The lower curves illustrate the corrected data. stream Figure 6: The settings for window smoothing in, select b.grd for input. �z@� �0&�2�Գ��ɹ coordinates that are integers (0, -1, -2...). Moved the. stream e are other disadvantages to the program also. If there was a change in the survey when the lines near N80 were, measured, that would make it almost certain t, the data. <> 11 February 2008 = Added supplement on processing magnetic data. 38 0 obj endobj For other surveys, it may be necessa. both R1 and R2 are set to that value, the ellipse changes to a circle. The former shift is no longer apparent in, is is revealed by periodic undulations along, outh direction (perpendicular to the lines of, r these undulations: 1, the amplitudes of the, rrect locations, but instead are consistently, pe, and there is a locational error in the, timated from the peak-to-peak oscillations of, hat this is 3 - 4 ft.
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